ENGLAWI - documentation of the labels element

Linguistic labels

Description

Linguistic labels are indicators found in definitions that signal a particular usage of a word: period, geographic area, specialized domain or subculture slang, etc.
We inventoried and normalized labels in order to:

• remove labels from the textual content of glosses and examples;
• encode them formally in dedicated children markups of glosses and examples elements (see an illustration in the definitions page).

We assigned the linguistic labels to categories (diatopic, diachronic, attitudinal, etc.) that are not encoded in Wiktionary. These categories are the labels' type attribute. Examples of attribute values, per type, are given below.

XML structure of labels

<!ELEMENT labels (label)*> <!ELEMENT label (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST label type (attitudinal|diachronic|diafreq|diatopic|domain|gram|of|other|sem) #REQUIRED modifier (almost|chiefly|generally|largely|less|mildly|more|moreOften|now|nowChiefly|nowLargely|nowLess |nowMore|nowMostly|nowOften|nowOnly|nowUsually|often|only|originally|particularly|perhaps |possibly|primarily|slightly|sometimes|somewhat|usually|very) #IMPLIED value CDATA #REQUIRED>

Main labels types and values

The figures given in the following tables are those found in the version of GLAWI extracted from Wiktionary's 01/06/2017 dump.

diafrequential	9473	diatopic	32594
rare	9151	UK	9205
nonce word	274	US	8428
common	48	dialect	3589
diachronic	37779	Australia	2295
obsolete	19812	Scotland	1971
archaic	7828	Canada	1146
dated	4822	New Zealand	1100
historical	4774	Ireland	840
neologism	451	Northern England	581
no longer productive	44	India	571
1800s	28	South Africa	570
19th century	20	regional	301
semantics	4779	Geordie	245
figuratively	2567	Southern US	188
by extension	1493	Cockney rhyming slang	141
literally	259	Singapore	135
especially	182	Philippines	81
specifically	89	Yorkshire	78
hyperbolic	65	Jamaica	66
loosely	46	Caribbean	66
metonymically	40	and 50 other areas	997
metaphor	20	domain	134694
by analogy	18	organic chemistry	8862
attitudinal	32615	zoology	6484
slang	11597	chemistry	6122
informal	7892	medicine	5872
vulgar	2339	computing	5494
derogatory	2106	mineralogy	4523
humorous	1530	biochemistry	4351
non-standard	1517	mathematics	4275
pejorative	1480	physics	4255
euphemistic	928	anatomy	4221
poetic	701	law	4184
offensive	668	botany	3551
childish	316	music	3396
literary	303	biology	3351
ethnic slur	302	nautical	2559
proscribed	259	pathology	2117
formal	218	military	2070
eye dialect	74	Internet	2007
hypercorrect	73	astronomy	1999
sarcastic	66	linguistics	1917
affectionate	59	and 364 other domains	81610
leetspeak	56	grammatical	52427
and 6 other attitudinal labels	131	transitive	19865
of X (selectionnal restriction)	1066	idiomatic	9264
of a person	349	intransitive	7981
of an animal	53	uncountable	4191
of food	40	countable	3816
of leaves	39	colloquial	3399
of a woman	38	plural	980
of a plant	38	ambitransitive	484
of a man	36	plurale tantum	392
of a horse	35	combination	390
of a function	32	attributively	365
of clothing	30	not comparable	290
of a sound	26	reflexive	160
of people	25	comparable	91
of an antibody	24	ergative	81
of an organism	21	postpositive	79
of a verb	20	onomatopoeia	65
of a vehicle	20	singulare tantum	61
of a liquid	20	imperative	58
of a person or animal	19	conjunctive	52
of an object	19	cardinal	49
and 11 other selectionnal restriction labels	182	and 13 other grammatical labels	314

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